TCML

https://youtu.be/Gft02NtWFWs?si=J343HMQL3B7O7ly2 • 5 stationary complex – I, II, III, IV, V • 2 mobile carriers – CoQ (UQ), Cyt C • All these complexes are made up of heme proteins except Ubiquinone Q (It’s a by product of cholesterol synthesis) • All these complexes have iron in centre except complex IV (It have copper in centre) ETC complex  

Uncouplers of ETC | Uncouplers matlab engine chal raha hai but gaadi aage nahi badh rahi — heat hi heat! 🔥😄 Uncouplers are chemicals that disconnect (uncouple) electron transport from ATP synthesis. Normally: ETC → pumps H⁺ → forms proton gradient → ATP synthase makes ATP With uncouplers: – They destroy the proton gradient by

  Type of Insulin Duration of action Example Identification Inhaled insulin 2-3 hrs • Afrezza – Rapid acting 3-4 hrs • Lispro • Aspart • Glulisine Clear Short acting 6-8 hrs) Regular / Soluble insulin (Mnemonic- SS) Clear Intermediate acting 10-16 hrs • Isophane insulin / NPH • Lente (Insulin Znsuspension) Cloudy Long acting 12-24

  Vitamin Deficiency-causing substance / condition Explanation Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Polished rice diet Polished rice lacks thiamine   → causes Beri-beri Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Maize based diet Maize is low in tryptophan and niacin   → causes Pellagra Vitamin B7 (Biotin) Raw egg diet Contains avidin, which bindsbiotin and prevents absorption   → causes Biotin

at Epiphysis- • Wimberger sign: Epiphysis surrounded by thin white line (Scelerosis ariund epiphysis) at Metaphysis-  • White line of frankel’s • Pelkan spur: Frankel’s line extend beyond the border of metaphysis and form spur (pelkan spur) • Trummerfeld zone / Scorbutic zone / Scurvy line: Radiolucent area (black in color) near frankel’s line at Diaphysis-  • Osteopenia: Earliest sign • Ground

LMA generation Examples 1st Generation (Only one port) – Only Tracheal lumen – No Esophageal lumen(so don’t prevent aspiration) • Classic LMA • Flexible / Flexometallic LMA:    – It doesn’t block after bending    – use for prone position surgery when Sx duration is short. • Cobra PLA (peri laryngeal airway) • Ambu aura

Note- Lateral ventricle doesn’t have lateral wall. Parts of lateralventricle Location Boundaries Anterior horn Frontal lobe Roof – Corpus callosum Floor – Head of caudate nucleus Central part Frontal lobe Parietal lobe • Roof- Corpus callosum (Largest commisural fibre) • Medial wall- Septum pellucidum (b/w Rt & Lt ventricle)  Floor-  • Fornix  • Choroid plexus • Thalamus • Thalamo-Striate vein • Caudate

Feature HSL Lipoproteins Definition Enzyme that hydrolyzesstored triglycerides inadipose tissue Complexes of lipids andproteins that transport lipidsin blood Location Adipose tissue  (inside adipocytes) Circulating in plasma Function Mobilizes stored fat → breaks triglycerides → FFA + Glycerol Transport triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids (PL) Actively functions during Fasting state (to release storedfat for energy) Fed state

Brain stemsyndrome Artery Syndromes Midbrain syndrome Proximal PCA • Weber’s syndrome  • Benedict’s syndrome • Nothnagel syndrome • Perinaud syndrome  • Claude syndrome  Pontine syndrome Basilar artery  • Milard gubler syndrome • Pontocerebellar angle syndrome Medial medullary syndrome (De jerine syndrome) Anterior spinal artery – Lateral medullary syndrome PICA  (Vertebral artery >> PICA) – PCA – Posterior cerebral artery  PICA – Posterior

Goodsall’s rule By TCML February 21, 2026 No Comments Renal tubular acidosis By TCML February 20, 2026 No Comments Pelvic diaphragm By TCML February 20, 2026 No Comments Internal acoustic meatus By TCML February 20, 2026 No Comments Hyperaldosteronism, Conn syndrome By TCML February 20, 2026 No Comments