Lung surfactant is a lipoprotein substance that lines the inner surface of the alveoli in the lungs. Composition: • Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) / Lecithin – Main component • Surfactant proteins: SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, SP-D • Cholesterol • Phosphatidyl glycerol Surfactant protein B (SP-B): • SP-B helps DPPC spread evenly over the alveolar surface. • Deficiency of SP-B leads to neonatal pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). Functions: • Reduces surface tension in alveoli […]
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency-🔴 See in Maize / corn earters (Mnemonic: M is looking like 3)M = 3Maize = B3 🟡 Symptoms: (Mnemonic: 3D in B3)– Diarrhea – Dermatitis: Casal collar– Dementia https://youtu.be/UGHioYFlH90?si=4gxgtJK56q-UF0re Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Test for semen By TCML March 6, 2026 No Comments Anaesthesia Capnography By TCML March 1, 2026 No
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Figure- Yellow needle-shaped crystals of spermine picrate __________________________ Tests for semen- (Mnemonic: Aaj ka chora semen flow se barbad) 🟡 Acid phosphatase test 🔴 flow: Florence test- detect choline 🔵 barbad: Barberio test- – detect spermine – Yellow needle-shaped crystals of spermine picrate ✅ NEET PG 2023 https://youtu.be/3TOlaA2PedE?si=ZnPcFLUOFfeDv_qW Anaesthesia Capnography By TCML March 1,
Genetics: Autosomal dominant (AD) Caused by a mutation in the FBN1 gene, which affects the production of extracellular glycoprotein fibrillin-1. [PYQ: NEET PG 2024] Pathophysiology- • Disrupted Microfibrils • Excessive TGF-β signaling Signs and symptoms- Ocular, cardiovascular, skeletal features Ocular features: • Bilateral ectopia lentis (dislocation of eye lens)- Superior temporally (Mnemonic: Mast, Ma=Marfan, st = Superior temporal) Cardiovascular features:
• Measurement and graphical display of CO₂ levels in exhaled air. • Main parameter: ETCO₂ (End-Tidal CO₂), the amount of CO₂ present in the exhaled air at the end of expiration. • Normal ETCO₂ Range: 35–45 mmHg • Used in: ICU, ER, Operation theatre, during CPR, sedation, mechanical ventilation. • Type: Non-invasive, continuous One graph of capnography = One respiratory cycle
‘Nischay Kits’ are home-based Urine Pregnancy Test (UPT) kits distributed free of charge by ASHA workers. Nikshay mitra:- – It is an online system used in India to track and monitor the RNTCP & NTEP. ✅ FMGE January 2024 (1) – It’s a web-based portal/app used to register, monitor and manage TB patients nationwide (both
– Caused by the Leishmania donovani parasite. – Transmitted through: Sandfly (Phlebotomus species) – Infective form: Promatigote – Diagnostic form: Amastigote (in macrophage) – Endemic region: East UP, West bengal, Bihar Clinical features- • Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen • Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver• Pallor: due to anemia (Pancytopenia)• Fever • Hyperpigmentation (Darkening of skin): referred to as
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Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency – 1. Beri Beri (Wet, dry etc) 2. Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) deficiency – 1. Angular cheliosis 2. Corneal vascularization 3. Seborrheic dermatitis Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency – 1. Pellagra (4D: Dementia, Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Death) 2. Hartnup disease 3. Carcinoid syndrome (Seratonin production increase) 4. Vitamin B3 deficiency see
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Parameter Dual Test Triple Test Quadruple Test Timing First trimester Second trimester Second trimester Components 1. Beta-hCG 2. PAPP-A • Nuchal translucency(NT) on USG 1. Beta-hCG 2. AFP 3. uE3 1. Beta-hCG 2. AFP 3. uE3 4. Inhibin A *PAPP-A (Pregnancy associated plasma protein-A) Edwards syndrome, Down syndrome and NTD (Neural tube defect)-
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• Bacterial vaginosis (BV)- Anaerobic • Trichomoniasis • Candidiasis (Candida) Feature Bacterial Vaginosis (BV), Anaerobic Trichomoniasis Candidiasis (Candida) Organism Type Bacteria (Gardnerella vaginalis, Anaerobes) Protozoan (Trichomonas vaginalis) Fungus (Candida albicans) Discharge • Thin • Grey-white • Fishy-smelling • Thin • Green • Foul-smelling • Frothy • Thick • Curdy white (“cottage cheese”) Special Point Clue cells on microscopy Colpitis macularis / “strawberry cervix” Most common vaginitis in