• Used to clinically diagnose Bacterial vaginosis (BV). Diagnosis requires at least 3 out of 4 of the following criteria:1. Thin, homogeneous, white vaginal discharge – Usually adherent to the vaginal walls. 2. Vaginal pH > 4.5 – Measured with pH paper; normal vaginal pH is ≤ 4.5. 3. Positive Whiff test (Amine test) – A fishy odor
Primary Biliary Cholangitis(PBC) Feature Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis(PSC) Chronic autoimmune destructionof small intrahepatic bile ducts (IHBD) Definition Chronic inflammation and fibrosis ofintra (IHBD) & extrahepatic bileducts (EHBD) Mostly women GenderPredilection Mostly men 40–60 years Age of Onset 20–40 years – Sjogrens syndrome – Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)– Celiac disease– Systemic sclerosis AssociatedConditions Ulcerative colitis(in ~70% cases) AMA
Primary biliary cholangitis and Primary sclerosing cholangitis Read More »
Blood flukes- • Schistosoma Lung flukes- • Paragonimus westermani Liver flukes- [UPSC CMS 2024] • Opisthorchis • Clonorchis • Fasciola hepatica and gigantica Intestinal flukes- • Fasciolopsis buski Trematodes(Flukes) Primaryhost 1st intermediatehost 2nd intermediatehost Schistosoma Man Snail[UPSC CMS 2024] – Paragonimuswestermani Man Snail Crab / Cray fish Opisthorchis Man Snail Fish Clonorchis Man Snail Fish Fasciola hepatica Man/ Sheep Snail Fresh aquatic plant
Trematodes (Flukes) Read More »
Foremilk Hindmilk Milk secreted in the initial part of the feed (First 10-15 min) Milk secreted in the later part of the feed (second half) Primary quenches the thrist of the child but not hunger Primary quenches the hunger of the child and contributes to weight gain Watery in consistency Thick in consistency &
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(Mnemonic: 17 + 3 = ~21; 11) 1. 17α-hydroxylase 2. 3β-HSD 3. 21-hydroxylase (m/c type of CAH) 4. 11β-hydroxylase HSD – Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Ambiguous genitalia in female Under virilized male (Testosterone not synthesis) Salt wasting and Hyperkalemia 21-hydroxylase deficiency 3β-HSD Hypertension (HTN) 11β-hydroxylase deficiency (INICET May 2024) 17α-hydroxylase deficiency Types of epiphysis By
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Read More »
Type of Epiphysis Example Definition Pressure Epiphysis • Head of femur • Head of humerus Found at the ends of long bones; takes part in weight transmission and joint articulation. Traction Epiphysis TTT • Traction • Trochanter • Tubercle • Greater & Lesser trochanter of femur • Greater & Lesser tubercle of humerus • Mastoid process of
Types of epiphysis Read More »
Point T-score Z-score Number of SD a patient’s BMD is above or below the mean for healthy young adult reference population Number of SD a patient’s BMD is above or below the mean for age, sex, and ethnicity-matched population Reference group Healthy young adults (typically 20–30 years old) People of the same age, sex,
T-score and Z-score in osteoporosis Read More »
https://youtu.be/AElHSc55_0k?si=fby_Y4jzm5J0nlBY Pneumoconiosis is a group of occupational lung diseases caused by inhalation and deposition of inorganic or organic dust in the lungs, leading to fibrosis. Type ofPneumoconiosis Causative dust OccupationalExposure Anthracosis(Coal worker’spneumoconiosis / Black lung disease) Coal dust (carbon) Coal miners Asbestosis Asbestos Shipyard workers Cement industry worker Baritosis Barium industry worker Berylliosis Beryllium(Non-Caseating granuloma) Aerospace industry Electronics industry Byssinosis
The Wobble Hypothesis was proposed by Francis Crick (1966) to explain how a limited number of tRNA molecules can recognize multiple codons for the same amino acid. Key Idea: • In translation, the first two bases of the codon (mRNA) strictly follow base-pairing rules with the anticodon (tRNA). • The third base of the codon (called the wobble position) can form non-standard, flexible base pairing with the anticodon.
