Shift Right Shift Left Shift Affection for oxygen Decreased affinity Increased affinity Hb-oxygen binding Oxygen is less tightly bound; more readily released Oxygen is more tightly bound; less readily released Causes – Increased CO2 – Decreased CO2 – Increased temperature – Decreased temperature – Decreased pH (acidosis) – Increased pH (alkalosis) […]
Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve Read More »
• Location: between the right and left thalami. • Extends from the interventricular foramen (of Monro) anteriorly → to the cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)posteriorly. Boundaries Formed by Roof • Choroid plexus • Fornix Floor Formed by hypothalmic structure- • Optic chiasma • Infundibulum • Tuber cinereum • Mammillary bodies • Posterior perforated substance • Tegmentum of midbrain Lateral wall • Thalamus (superior part) • Hypothalamus (inferior part) Anterior wall Anterior commissure
Third ventricle of brain Read More »
Separation of RPE (Retinal pigmented epithelium) from neurosensory retina. Retinal detachment (RD) Description Examination finding Rhegmatogenous RD (Rhegma = Break) Retina continuity break Tear (due to traction)- • Horseshoe shaped RD • M/C cause is PVD • PVD is physiological (normal) in old age Hole (after degeneration)- • Lattice degeneration • Snail track degeneration • Corrugated appearance • Schaffer’s sign / Tobacco dust • Undulating
Retinal detachment Read More »
Feature Loading Dose Maintenance Dose Purpose To quickly achieve therapeuticdrug levels To maintain drug levels withinthe therapeutic range Timing Given at the beginning oftherapy Given throughout treatmentat regular intervals Amount Usually higher than themaintenance dose Lower and consistent Used For • Drugs with long half-life or delayed onset • During emergency All long-term therapies Formula
Loading Dose (LD) and Maintenance Dose (MD) Read More »
NEET PG 2025 Paper is now available FREE for all students on the TCML Mobile App. This free full-length paper helps aspirants understand the latest exam pattern, improve time management, and evaluate their preparation level. All MBBS students, interns, and repeat aspirants can access it without any cost. Simply download the TCML App, log in,
NEET PG 2025 Paper Free for All on TCML App Read More »
Types of TNM staging: (Mnemonic- My CPR • mTNM- for multiple primary tumors at same site • yTNM- Staging is done patient has received neoadjuvant chemotherapy • ypTNM- Pathological staging done after neoadjuvant chemotherapy • cTNM- for clinical staging • pTNM- for pathological staging • rTNM- for recurrent tumors Stage Features Tis • DCIS • Paget’s disease of breast T1 ≤2cm
TNM staging of breast cancer Read More »
• Seminiferous tubules • Rete testis • Vasa efferentia / Vas efferent (Connects rete testis & epididymis) • Caput epididymis • Corpus epididymis • Cauda epididymis • Vasa deferentia / Vas deferens • Ejaculatory duct (formed by the union of vas deferens and seminal vesicle) • Urethra (common passage for urine and semen out of the body) https://youtu.be/cmyq8iw4gdQ?si=P9PA7-ysUMfoh1zr Complete Neuroanatomy Lectures – Now Live
Sperm ejaculation pathway Read More »
Calcium PTH Phosphate ALP Vitamin D deficiency- • Rickets • Osteomalacia First increases then normal Increases Decreases Increases Primary hyperparathyroidism Increases Increases Decreases Increases Renal osteodystrophy Decreases Increases Increases Increases Complete Neuroanatomy Lectures – Now Live on TCML App By TCML February 24, 2026 No Comments Amsel’s criteria By TCML February 24,
Metabolic bone disease Read More »
If you’re preparing for NEET PG, INICET, or FMGE, mastering neuroanatomy is non-negotiable. It’s one of the most challenging yet high-yield subjects in medical entrance exams. The good news? The Charsi of Medical Literature (TCML) has launched Complete Neuroanatomy Lectures, now live on the TCML App — designed to make this complex subject crisp, clear,
Complete Neuroanatomy Lectures – Now Live on TCML App Read More »
• Used to clinically diagnose Bacterial vaginosis (BV). Diagnosis requires at least 3 out of 4 of the following criteria:1. Thin, homogeneous, white vaginal discharge – Usually adherent to the vaginal walls. 2. Vaginal pH > 4.5 – Measured with pH paper; normal vaginal pH is ≤ 4.5. 3. Positive Whiff test (Amine test) – A fishy odor