Pneumothorax
Types of epiphysis By TCML February 23, 2026 No Comments
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
(Mnemonic: 17 + 3 = ~21; 11) 1. 17α-hydroxylase 2. 3β-HSD 3. 21-hydroxylase (m/c type of CAH) 4. 11β-hydroxylase HSD – Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Ambiguous genitalia in female Under virilized male (Testosterone not synthesis) Salt wasting and Hyperkalemia 21-hydroxylase deficiency 3β-HSD Hypertension (HTN) 11β-hydroxylase deficiency (INICET May 2024) 17α-hydroxylase deficiency Types of epiphysis By
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Types of epiphysis
Type of Epiphysis Example Definition Pressure Epiphysis • Head of femur • Head of humerus Found at the ends of long bones; takes part in weight transmission and joint articulation. Traction Epiphysis TTT • Traction • Trochanter • Tubercle • Greater & Lesser trochanter of femur • Greater & Lesser tubercle of humerus • Mastoid process of
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T-score and Z-score in osteoporosis
Point T-score Z-score Number of SD a patient’s BMD is above or below the mean for healthy young adult reference population Number of SD a patient’s BMD is above or below the mean for age, sex, and ethnicity-matched population Reference group Healthy young adults (typically 20–30 years old) People of the same age, sex,
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Pneumoconiosis
https://youtu.be/AElHSc55_0k?si=fby_Y4jzm5J0nlBY Pneumoconiosis is a group of occupational lung diseases caused by inhalation and deposition of inorganic or organic dust in the lungs, leading to fibrosis. Type ofPneumoconiosis Causative dust OccupationalExposure Anthracosis(Coal worker’spneumoconiosis / Black lung disease) Coal dust (carbon) Coal miners Asbestosis Asbestos Shipyard workers Cement industry worker Baritosis Barium industry worker Berylliosis Beryllium(Non-Caseating granuloma) Aerospace industry Electronics industry Byssinosis
Wobble hypothesis
The Wobble Hypothesis was proposed by Francis Crick (1966) to explain how a limited number of tRNA molecules can recognize multiple codons for the same amino acid. Key Idea: • In translation, the first two bases of the codon (mRNA) strictly follow base-pairing rules with the anticodon (tRNA). • The third base of the codon (called the wobble position) can form non-standard, flexible base pairing with the anticodon.
Electron transport chain
https://youtu.be/Gft02NtWFWs?si=J343HMQL3B7O7ly2 • 5 stationary complex – I, II, III, IV, V • 2 mobile carriers – CoQ (UQ), Cyt C • All these complexes are made up of heme proteins except Ubiquinone Q (It’s a by product of cholesterol synthesis) • All these complexes have iron in centre except complex IV (It have copper in centre) ETC complex
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Uncouplers of electron transport chain
Uncouplers of ETC | Uncouplers matlab engine chal raha hai but gaadi aage nahi badh rahi — heat hi heat! 🔥😄 Uncouplers are chemicals that disconnect (uncouple) electron transport from ATP synthesis. Normally: ETC → pumps H⁺ → forms proton gradient → ATP synthase makes ATP With uncouplers: – They destroy the proton gradient by
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Insulin
Type of Insulin Duration of action Example Identification Inhaled insulin 2-3 hrs • Afrezza – Rapid acting 3-4 hrs • Lispro • Aspart • Glulisine Clear Short acting 6-8 hrs) Regular / Soluble insulin (Mnemonic- SS) Clear Intermediate acting 10-16 hrs • Isophane insulin / NPH • Lente (Insulin Znsuspension) Cloudy Long acting 12-24
Dietary factors causing Vitamin B deficiency
Vitamin Deficiency-causing substance / condition Explanation Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Polished rice diet Polished rice lacks thiamine → causes Beri-beri Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Maize based diet Maize is low in tryptophan and niacin → causes Pellagra Vitamin B7 (Biotin) Raw egg diet Contains avidin, which bindsbiotin and prevents absorption → causes Biotin
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