TCML

Primary biliary cholangitis and Primary sclerosing cholangitis

  Primary Biliary Cholangitis(PBC) Feature Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis(PSC) Chronic autoimmune destructionof small intrahepatic bile ducts (IHBD) Definition Chronic inflammation and fibrosis ofintra (IHBD) & extrahepatic bileducts (EHBD) Mostly women GenderPredilection Mostly men 40–60 years Age of Onset 20–40 years – Sjogrens syndrome – Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)– Celiac disease– Systemic sclerosis AssociatedConditions Ulcerative colitis(in ~70% cases)  AMA […]

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Trematodes (Flukes)

Blood flukes- • Schistosoma  Lung flukes- • Paragonimus westermani  Liver flukes- [UPSC CMS 2024] • Opisthorchis  • Clonorchis • Fasciola hepatica and gigantica Intestinal flukes- • Fasciolopsis buski Trematodes(Flukes) Primaryhost 1st intermediatehost 2nd intermediatehost Schistosoma Man  Snail[UPSC CMS 2024] – Paragonimuswestermani  Man Snail Crab / Cray fish Opisthorchis  Man Snail Fish Clonorchis  Man Snail Fish Fasciola hepatica Man/ Sheep Snail Fresh aquatic plant

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Foremilk and Hindmilk

  Foremilk Hindmilk Milk secreted in the initial part of the feed (First 10-15 min) Milk secreted in the later part of the feed (second half) Primary quenches the thrist of the child but not hunger Primary quenches the hunger of the child and contributes to weight gain Watery in consistency Thick in consistency &

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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

(Mnemonic: 17 + 3 = ~21; 11) 1. 17α-hydroxylase 2. 3β-HSD 3. 21-hydroxylase (m/c type of CAH) 4. 11β-hydroxylase HSD – Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase   Ambiguous genitalia in female Under virilized male (Testosterone not synthesis) Salt wasting and Hyperkalemia 21-hydroxylase deficiency 3β-HSD Hypertension (HTN) 11β-hydroxylase deficiency  (INICET May 2024) 17α-hydroxylase deficiency    Types of epiphysis By

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Types of epiphysis

  Type of Epiphysis Example Definition Pressure Epiphysis • Head of femur • Head of humerus Found at the ends of long bones; takes part in weight transmission and joint articulation. Traction Epiphysis TTT • Traction • Trochanter • Tubercle • Greater & Lesser trochanter of femur • Greater & Lesser tubercle of humerus • Mastoid process of

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T-score and Z-score in osteoporosis

Point T-score Z-score   Number of SD a patient’s BMD is above or below the mean for healthy young adult reference population Number of SD a patient’s BMD is above or below the  mean for age, sex, and ethnicity-matched population Reference group Healthy young adults (typically 20–30 years old) People of the same  age, sex,

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Pneumoconiosis

https://youtu.be/AElHSc55_0k?si=fby_Y4jzm5J0nlBY Pneumoconiosis is a group of occupational lung diseases caused by inhalation and deposition of inorganic or organic dust in the lungs, leading to fibrosis. Type ofPneumoconiosis Causative dust OccupationalExposure Anthracosis(Coal worker’spneumoconiosis / Black lung disease) Coal dust (carbon) Coal miners Asbestosis Asbestos  Shipyard workers Cement industry worker Baritosis Barium  industry worker Berylliosis Beryllium(Non-Caseating granuloma) Aerospace industry  Electronics industry Byssinosis

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Wobble hypothesis

The Wobble Hypothesis was proposed by Francis Crick (1966) to explain how a limited number of tRNA molecules can recognize multiple codons for the same amino acid. Key Idea: • In translation, the first two bases of the codon (mRNA) strictly follow base-pairing rules with the anticodon (tRNA). • The third base of the codon (called the wobble position) can form non-standard, flexible base pairing with the anticodon.

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Electron transport chain

https://youtu.be/Gft02NtWFWs?si=J343HMQL3B7O7ly2 • 5 stationary complex – I, II, III, IV, V • 2 mobile carriers – CoQ (UQ), Cyt C • All these complexes are made up of heme proteins except Ubiquinone Q (It’s a by product of cholesterol synthesis) • All these complexes have iron in centre except complex IV (It have copper in centre) ETC complex  

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