SGLUT-2 inhibitors: Act on kidney– Cana gliflozin– Dapa gliflozin 🌴 MOA-Block SGLU-2 in PCT → Decrease glucose reabsorption → more glucose excreted in urine, lowering blood sugar levels. 🟡 S/E- SGLT2 inhibitors make glucose pass into urine → urine becomes sugar-rich → bacteria grow easily → ↑ risk of UTI (and fungal infections). 🚨 SGLUT-2 […]
Physiology Laplace’s law By TCML March 13, 2026 No Comments Medicine ABCD² Score for TIA By TCML March 12, 2026 No Comments Physiology G protein-coupled receptor By TCML March 10, 2026 No Comments Surgery Anal fistula By TCML March 10, 2026 No Comments Orthopaedics Bone density scan (DEXA or DXA, T score, Z score) By
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Laplace’s Law describes the relationship between pressure, surface tension, and radius in curved surfaces like bubbles, blood vessels, or alveoli in the lungs. For a spherical structure For a cylindrical structure P = 2T / r P = pressure inside the sphere (alveoli) T = surface tension r = radius of the sphere P =
Physiology G protein-coupled receptor By TCML March 10, 2026 No Comments Surgery Anal fistula By TCML March 10, 2026 No Comments Orthopaedics Bone density scan (DEXA or DXA, T score, Z score) By TCML March 7, 2026 No Comments
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Cell cycle non-specific drugs: • Alkylating agents (FMGE Dec 2020) • Platinum compounds Alkylating agents Drugs Nitrogen mustard • Mechlorethamine (Mustin chloride) • Cyclophosphamide • Melphalan • Cholrambucil • Busulfan Nitrosoureas Bifunctional alkylating agents Miscellaneous • Temozolomide • Dacarbazine • Procarbazine • Thiotepa • Altretamine • Trabectedin • Lubinectedin Platinum compounds- • Cisplatin • Carboplatin • Oxaliplatin • Nedaplatin Platinum-induced nephropathy: • Platinum compounds cause direct toxicity to proximal tubule (S3 segment), leads to acute tubular necrosis (ATN).
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Questionnaire Use for M-CHAT (Modified Checklist for Autismin Toddlers) Autism spectrumdisorders SCOFF (Sick, Control, One, Fat, Food) Eating disorderINI-CET May 2023 CAGE (Cut, Annoyed, Guilty, and Eye) Alcoholism https://youtu.be/6ma322K04u4?si=Mmc9FLXD4npJGlHK Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Test for semen By TCML March 6, 2026 No Comments
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Feature GABA-A GABA-B GABA-C Type Ionotropic Metabotropic (GPCR) Ionotropic Channel Type Cl⁻ (chloride) channel Cl⁻ influx G-protein coupled: Gi type(indirectly opens K⁺ channels) K⁺ efflux Cl⁻ (chloride) channel Action Fast inhibitory Slow & prolonged inhibitory Slow inhibitory Subunits Pentameric (2α, 2β, γ) Dimer of GABA-B1 & GABA-B2 subunits Pentameric (mostly ρ subunits) Location Brain
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