SGLUT-2 inhibitors: Act on kidney– Cana gliflozin– Dapa gliflozin 🌴 MOA-Block SGLU-2 in PCT → Decrease glucose reabsorption → more glucose excreted in urine, lowering blood sugar levels. 🟡 S/E- SGLT2 inhibitors make glucose pass into urine → urine becomes sugar-rich → bacteria grow easily → ↑ risk of UTI (and fungal infections). 🚨 SGLUT-2 […]
Cell cycle non-specific drugs: • Alkylating agents (FMGE Dec 2020) • Platinum compounds Alkylating agents Drugs Nitrogen mustard • Mechlorethamine (Mustin chloride) • Cyclophosphamide • Melphalan • Cholrambucil • Busulfan Nitrosoureas Bifunctional alkylating agents Miscellaneous • Temozolomide • Dacarbazine • Procarbazine • Thiotepa • Altretamine • Trabectedin • Lubinectedin Platinum compounds- • Cisplatin • Carboplatin • Oxaliplatin • Nedaplatin Platinum-induced nephropathy: • Platinum compounds cause direct toxicity to proximal tubule (S3 segment), leads to acute tubular necrosis (ATN).
Alkylating agents & Platinum compounds Read More »
Feature GABA-A GABA-B GABA-C Type Ionotropic Metabotropic (GPCR) Ionotropic Channel Type Cl⁻ (chloride) channel Cl⁻ influx G-protein coupled: Gi type(indirectly opens K⁺ channels) K⁺ efflux Cl⁻ (chloride) channel Action Fast inhibitory Slow & prolonged inhibitory Slow inhibitory Subunits Pentameric (2α, 2β, γ) Dimer of GABA-B1 & GABA-B2 subunits Pentameric (mostly ρ subunits) Location Brain
GABA- A, B, C receptor Read More »
Feature Loading Dose Maintenance Dose Purpose To quickly achieve therapeuticdrug levels To maintain drug levels withinthe therapeutic range Timing Given at the beginning oftherapy Given throughout treatmentat regular intervals Amount Usually higher than themaintenance dose Lower and consistent Used For • Drugs with long half-life or delayed onset • During emergency All long-term therapies Formula
Loading Dose (LD) and Maintenance Dose (MD) Read More »
Three type of lignocaine are available- 1. Lignocaine without preservative 2. Lignocaine with preservative 3. Lignocaine with preservative + Adrenaline Other local anesthetics- 1. Bupivacaine 2. Proparacaine
Beta Lactam antibiotics – 1. Cephalosporins – Ceftriaxone (3rd generation cephalosporin)2. Penicillins – Piperacillin, Amoxycillin 3. Monobactam – Aztreonam4. Carbapenems – Meropenem Beta Lactamase Inhibitor – 1. Clavulanic acid2. Tazobactam3. Sulbactam
Beta Lactam Antibiotics Read More »
A. Inhalational general anesthetics – 1. Gas – Nitrous oxide 2. Volatile liquid – Isoflurane, Sevoflurane NOTE : All inhalational general anesthesia drugs mention on anesthesia machine. (See below image) B. Intravenous general anesthetics – 1. Fast acting – Propofol (It looks like milk, see below image), Thiopentone sodium 2. Slow acting – a.
General anesthesia Read More »
What is GERD? Due to Reflux of gastric content/content from stomach to esophagus. Cause of GERD- Due to decrease lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone, LES is not properly closed, as result gastric content reflux into esophagus and damage the mucosa of esophagus. (See Treatmentof GERD – Prokinetic drug) Treatment of GERD – 1. PPI (Proton
Gastroesophageal reflux disease Read More »
