Ansa cervicalis

Leave a Comment / Anatomy / /

The ansa cervicalis is a loop of nerves in the neck that supplies most of the infrahyoid (strap) muscles. Formation- It is formed by two roots: 1. Superior root (descendens hypoglossi) • Fibers from C1 spinal nerve • Travel briefly with the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) 2. Inferior root (descendens cervicalis) • Fibers from C2 […]

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SGLUT 2 inhibitor

Leave a Comment / Pharmacology / /

SGLUT-2 inhibitors: Act on kidney– Cana gliflozin– Dapa gliflozin 🌴 MOA-Block SGLU-2 in PCT → Decrease glucose reabsorption → more glucose excreted in urine, lowering blood sugar levels. 🟡 S/E- SGLT2 inhibitors make glucose pass into urine → urine becomes sugar-rich → bacteria grow easily → ↑ risk of UTI (and fungal infections). 🚨 SGLUT-2

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Laplace’s law

Physiology / /

Laplace’s Law describes the relationship between pressure, surface tension, and radius in curved surfaces like bubbles, blood vessels, or alveoli in the lungs. For a spherical structure For a cylindrical structure P = 2T / r P = pressure inside the sphere (alveoli) T = surface tension r = radius of the sphere P =

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Alkylating agents & Platinum compounds

Pharmacology / /

Cell cycle non-specific drugs:  • Alkylating agents (FMGE Dec 2020) • Platinum compounds  Alkylating agents Drugs Nitrogen mustard • Mechlorethamine (Mustin chloride) • Cyclophosphamide • Melphalan • Cholrambucil • Busulfan Nitrosoureas Bifunctional alkylating agents Miscellaneous • Temozolomide • Dacarbazine • Procarbazine • Thiotepa • Altretamine • Trabectedin • Lubinectedin  Platinum compounds- • Cisplatin • Carboplatin • Oxaliplatin • Nedaplatin Platinum-induced nephropathy: • Platinum compounds cause direct toxicity to proximal tubule (S3 segment), leads to acute tubular necrosis (ATN).

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