Bone density scan (DEXA or DXA, T score, Z score)
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Alkylating agents & Platinum compounds
Cell cycle non-specific drugs: • Alkylating agents (FMGE Dec 2020) • Platinum compounds Alkylating agents Drugs Nitrogen mustard • Mechlorethamine (Mustin chloride) • Cyclophosphamide • Melphalan • Cholrambucil • Busulfan Nitrosoureas Bifunctional alkylating agents Miscellaneous • Temozolomide • Dacarbazine • Procarbazine • Thiotepa • Altretamine • Trabectedin • Lubinectedin Platinum compounds- • Cisplatin • Carboplatin • Oxaliplatin • Nedaplatin Platinum-induced nephropathy: • Platinum compounds cause direct toxicity to proximal tubule (S3 segment), leads to acute tubular necrosis (ATN).
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Important questionnaire in psychiatry
Questionnaire Use for M-CHAT (Modified Checklist for Autismin Toddlers) Autism spectrumdisorders SCOFF (Sick, Control, One, Fat, Food) Eating disorderINI-CET May 2023 CAGE (Cut, Annoyed, Guilty, and Eye) Alcoholism https://youtu.be/6ma322K04u4?si=Mmc9FLXD4npJGlHK Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Test for semen By TCML March 6, 2026 No Comments
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GABA- A, B, C receptor
Feature GABA-A GABA-B GABA-C Type Ionotropic Metabotropic (GPCR) Ionotropic Channel Type Cl⁻ (chloride) channel Cl⁻ influx G-protein coupled: Gi type(indirectly opens K⁺ channels) K⁺ efflux Cl⁻ (chloride) channel Action Fast inhibitory Slow & prolonged inhibitory Slow inhibitory Subunits Pentameric (2α, 2β, γ) Dimer of GABA-B1 & GABA-B2 subunits Pentameric (mostly ρ subunits) Location Brain
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Surfactant
Lung surfactant is a lipoprotein substance that lines the inner surface of the alveoli in the lungs. Composition: • Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) / Lecithin – Main component • Surfactant proteins: SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, SP-D • Cholesterol • Phosphatidyl glycerol Surfactant protein B (SP-B): • SP-B helps DPPC spread evenly over the alveolar surface. • Deficiency of SP-B leads to neonatal pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). Functions: • Reduces surface tension in alveoli
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency-🔴 See in Maize / corn earters (Mnemonic: M is looking like 3)M = 3Maize = B3 🟡 Symptoms: (Mnemonic: 3D in B3)– Diarrhea – Dermatitis: Casal collar– Dementia https://youtu.be/UGHioYFlH90?si=4gxgtJK56q-UF0re Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Test for semen By TCML March 6, 2026 No Comments Anaesthesia Capnography By TCML March 1, 2026 No
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Test for semen
Figure- Yellow needle-shaped crystals of spermine picrate __________________________ Tests for semen- (Mnemonic: Aaj ka chora semen flow se barbad) 🟡 Acid phosphatase test 🔴 flow: Florence test- detect choline 🔵 barbad: Barberio test- – detect spermine – Yellow needle-shaped crystals of spermine picrate ✅ NEET PG 2023 https://youtu.be/3TOlaA2PedE?si=ZnPcFLUOFfeDv_qW Anaesthesia Capnography By TCML March 1,
Marfan syndrome
Genetics: Autosomal dominant (AD) Caused by a mutation in the FBN1 gene, which affects the production of extracellular glycoprotein fibrillin-1. [PYQ: NEET PG 2024] Pathophysiology- • Disrupted Microfibrils • Excessive TGF-β signaling Signs and symptoms- Ocular, cardiovascular, skeletal features Ocular features: • Bilateral ectopia lentis (dislocation of eye lens)- Superior temporally (Mnemonic: Mast, Ma=Marfan, st = Superior temporal) Cardiovascular features:
Capnography
• Measurement and graphical display of CO₂ levels in exhaled air. • Main parameter: ETCO₂ (End-Tidal CO₂), the amount of CO₂ present in the exhaled air at the end of expiration. • Normal ETCO₂ Range: 35–45 mmHg • Used in: ICU, ER, Operation theatre, during CPR, sedation, mechanical ventilation. • Type: Non-invasive, continuous One graph of capnography = One respiratory cycle
Nishchay
‘Nischay Kits’ are home-based Urine Pregnancy Test (UPT) kits distributed free of charge by ASHA workers. Nikshay mitra:- – It is an online system used in India to track and monitor the RNTCP & NTEP. ✅ FMGE January 2024 (1) – It’s a web-based portal/app used to register, monitor and manage TB patients nationwide (both