Laryngoscope
Laryngoscope is divide into two parts – (see image below) 1. Handle 2. Blade – Curved blade (Macintosh blade) and straight blade (Miller blade)
General anesthesia
A. Inhalational general anesthetics – 1. Gas – Nitrous oxide 2. Volatile liquid – Isoflurane, Sevoflurane NOTE : All inhalational general anesthesia drugs mention on anesthesia machine. (See below image) B. Intravenous general anesthetics – 1. Fast acting – Propofol (It looks like milk, see below image), Thiopentone sodium 2. Slow acting – a.
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Kocher’s forceps
Kocher’s forceps – 1. Curved kocher’s forceps (See image below) 2. Straight kocher’s forceps How to sterilize? 1. Autoclave (Moist heat sterilization) 2. Hot air oven (Dry heat sterilization)
Allis forceps
How to identify? See toothed tips Use – 1. It’s toothed tips make it easy to grasping, lifting and retracting the tissue during surgery. 2. It’s used to hold the cervix to stabilize the uterus. 3. It’s used to hold the rectus sheath in abdominal surgery. How to sterilize? 1. Autoclave (Moist heat sterilization) 2.
Keloid
Scar types – 1. Atrophic scar 2. Hypertrophic scar 3. Keloid scar (see image below) Triamcinolone – It’s a corticosteroid (glucocortocoid) Use to treat hypertrophic and keloid scars (Intra lesional injection) Reference – 1. Bailey and love’s short practice of surgery, Vol – 1, 27th edition, P. No. 31
Tarsal bone
7 tarsal bones – The tarsal bones are a group of seven bones in the human foot that make up the ankle and heel regions. They are located between the bones of the lower leg and the metatarsal bones of the midfoot. The seven tarsal bones are: 1. Talus2. Calcaneus 3. Navicular 4. Cuboid 5.
Distal radius fracture
Before studying distal radius fracture, it is necessary to know what’s difference between extra articular fracture and intra articular fracture? Extra articular fracture v/s intra articular fracture : 1. Extra articular fracture – Articular surface (Joint) not involve (see blue line on radius bone) eg. Colle’s fracture and smith fracture. 2. Intra articular fracture –
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Volkmann’s contracture
1. Supra condylar fracture of humerus bone / Tight plaster 2. Due to supra condylar fracture / tight plaster brachial artery damage (artery compress, tear) 3. Blood flow decrease (Ischaemia) – Volkmann’s ischaemia 4. If Ischaemia persist for long time – It cause muscle necrosis 5. Contracture (short and hard) and fibrosis of muscle –
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Eyeball
Eyeball A. Coats of eyeball – 1. Fibrous coat 2. Vascular coat 3. Nervous coat B. Segments and Chambers – 1. Anterior segment – It is divide into two chambers. Anterior chamber Posterior chamber 2. Posterior segment –