Lactic acidosis
Lactic acidosis cause- 1. Due to increase production of lactic acid (anaerobic condition – hypoxia, anoxia, shock etc.) 2. Due to decrease utilization of lactic acid (gluconeogenesis and krebs cycle)
Perineal body
1. Transverse perineal muscle a. Superficial (two in number) b. Deep (two in number) 2. Bulbo spongiosus muscle (two in number) 3. Levator ani (two in number) 4. Extensor anal sphincter 5. Longitudinal muscle coat of anal canal
Flexor retinaculum
Inside upper limb anatomy we read two retinaculum and inside lower limb anatomy we read three retinaculum, that are given below. Upper limb anatomy- 1. Flexor retinaculum of hand2. Extensor retinaculum of hand Lower limb anatomy- 1. Flexor Retinaculum of foot2. Extensor retinaculum of foot 3. Peroneal retinaculum NOTE : Here we are discuss about
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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Chart Overview- 1. Pentose Phosphate Pathway 2. Hemolytic Anemia 3. G-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme4. Glutathione 5. Glutathione peroxidase and reductase 6. Heinz bodies
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Carbohydrate metabolism
Chart Overview – 1. Sorbitol or polyol pathway 2. Glycolysis3. Fructose metabolism4. Galactose metabolism5. Uronic acid pathway6. Glycogenesis7. Glycogenolysis 8. Pentose phosphate pathway9. Gluconeogenesis 10. Krebs cycle
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Fetal circulation
Change after birth: 1. Left umblical vein – Ligamentum teres 2. Ductus venosus – Ligamentum venosum 3. Foramen ovale – Close 4. Ductus arteriosus – Ligamentum arteriosum 5. Umblical artery – a. Distal part: Medial umblical ligament b. Proximal part: Superior vesical artery Recommended TCML charts and videos-
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
What is GERD? Due to Reflux of gastric content/content from stomach to esophagus. Cause of GERD- Due to decrease lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone, LES is not properly closed, as result gastric content reflux into esophagus and damage the mucosa of esophagus. (See Treatmentof GERD – Prokinetic drug) Treatment of GERD – 1. PPI (Proton
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Allen’s test
It is perform to examine the artery patency. Hand blood supply- 1. Superficial palmar arch 2. Deep palmar arch
Stomach bed
Chart Overview- A. Stomach bedB. Stomach posterior relation Stomach bed is also called posterior relation of stomach because structures that form stomach bed are present posterior side of stomach. Total eight structures form the stomach bed which is given below. 1. Diaphragm (left crus)2. Suprarenal gland (Left side)3. Kidney (Left side)4. Splenic artery (It is