Lactic acidosis
Lactic acidosis cause- 1. Due to increase production of lactic acid (anaerobic condition – hypoxia, anoxia, shock etc.) 2. Due to decrease utilization of lactic acid (gluconeogenesis and krebs cycle)
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Perineal body
1. Transverse perineal muscle a. Superficial (two in number) b. Deep (two in number) 2. Bulbo spongiosus muscle (two in number) 3. Levator ani (two in number) 4. Extensor anal sphincter 5. Longitudinal muscle coat of anal canal
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Chart Overview- 1. Pentose Phosphate Pathway 2. Hemolytic Anemia 3. G-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme4. Glutathione 5. Glutathione peroxidase and reductase 6. Heinz bodies
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease
What is GERD? Due to Reflux of gastric content/content from stomach to esophagus. Cause of GERD- Due to decrease lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone, LES is not properly closed, as result gastric content reflux into esophagus and damage the mucosa of esophagus. (See Treatmentof GERD – Prokinetic drug) Treatment of GERD – 1. PPI (Proton
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Allen’s test
It is perform to examine the artery patency. Hand blood supply- 1. Superficial palmar arch 2. Deep palmar arch
Stomach bed
Chart Overview- A. Stomach bedB. Stomach posterior relation Stomach bed is also called posterior relation of stomach because structures that form stomach bed are present posterior side of stomach. Total eight structures form the stomach bed which is given below. 1. Diaphragm (left crus)2. Suprarenal gland (Left side)3. Kidney (Left side)4. Splenic artery (It is
GallBladder stone
Complications of gallstone/cholelithiasis- 1. Obstruction of extra hepatic biliary apparatus and gastrointestinal tract 2. Compression of common hepatic duct and common bile duct 3. Fistula between gallbladder and it’s surrounding structures 1. Obstruction – A. Extra hepatic biliary apparatus (EHBA) – 1. Cystic duct (CD)Due to obstruction of cystic duct by gallstone it causes acute
Femoral nerve
Overview 1. Femoral nerve and it’s branches 2. Cutaneous nerve of thigh 3. Patellar plexus 4. Muscles of anterior compartment of thigh 5. Hip joint nerve supply 6. Knee joint nerve supply 7. Clinicals In lower limb anatomy we study five main nerves 1. Femoral nerve 2. Obturator nerve 3. Sciatic nerve 4. Tibial nerve
Pterion
Overview- We covered pterion anatomy into below points. 1. Fontanelle- Pterion2. Location- Temporal fossa3. Formation 4. Artery- Middle meningeal artery 5. Nerve- Auriculotemporal nerve6. Hematoma7. Surgical landmark 8. Fracture 1. In pediatrics we read four fontanelle- A. Anterior fontanelle or BregmaB. Posterior fontanelle or LambdaC. Anterolateral fontanelle or Pterion D. Posterolateral fontanelle or Asterion Mnemonic: